Case 2

Retinopathy is the result of microvascular disease of the retina. Changes seen are: Non-proliferative retinopathy (minimal, mild, moderate and severe) Dot and blot haemorrhages Hard exudates Proliferative retinopathy Soft exudates indicating ischaemia New blood vessel formation Macular oedema , which is non-proliferative retinopathy at or close to the macular region Patients with diabetes are also at risk of early cataract development, approximately 10 years before their non-diabetic  peers, and also at increased risk of glaucoma. Assessment is by ophthalmoscopy through dilated pupils, retinal photography, fluorescein angiography, slit lamp  examination, regular monitoring by a diabetes specialist and periodic review by an ophthalmologist. Sudden loss of vision may be due to central retinal artery occlusion, retinal detachment or vitreous haemorrhage.